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Jasmine polyanthum

Jasmine polyanthum also referred to as winter jasmine, pink jasmine or Chinese evergreen jasmine is a native of China and a member of the Olive family (Oleaceae). It produces very fragrant, star-shaped white flowers that start as rosy, pink pointed buds. The woody vine is a vigorous grower that can with support climb up to 20 ft outdoors. It is grown as a ground cover, on a trellis, in a container or in a hanging basket. It can be grown outdoors year round in zone 9 and up.

Care:
Jasmine prefers well-drained fertile soil. It needs at least 4 hours of bright direct sun and can be grown in full sun outdoors. Water regularly during the growing season and fertilize every 2-3 weeks with a high phosphorous fertilizer (15-30-15) to encourage blooming.

Bloom set
J. polyanthum is a seasonal bloomer that will set bud when exposed to temperatures below 40-60 F for 4-6 weeks.  It blooms primarily in late winter into spring and then sporadically throughout the year.

Winterover
In colder climates, bring the plant indoors when night temperatures reach 40 F and treat it like a houseplant.   Place your jasmine in bright filtered light and keep the soil slightly moist but not soggy.  Provide increased humidity during the winter by placing the plant on a pebble tray . Once the flower buds are set, move  it in a sunny bright, cool location.  J. polyanthum requires less water in the winter.

Pruning
To control the vigorous growth, Jasmine needs frequent pinching. Cut the plant back after blooming and during the summer to control growth and prevent tangling.

Repot into pots 1-2 sizes larger every 2-3 years in the spring after flowering.

Propagate in the summer from tip cuttings or by layering. They can also be started from seed which do not require stratification.

Problems

Spider mites, aphids, mealy bugs and scale.
It can also be susceptible to iron chlorosis (yellowing leaves with dark green veins) which can be corrected by adding chelated iron to the fertilizer when needed.

More info on Confederate Jasmine

40 comments to Jasmine polyanthum

  • Grow jasmine in AZ
    Hi Guys
    I have purchased J.polyanthum on several occasions with very poor results (death)! Originaly from the midwest we always had beautiful (smelly flowering plants) Liliacs, Jasmine, Gardenia. I am so homesick for them that I once again took the plunge and accquired anoher j. We live in Phoenix Arizona where the sun is nucular from March thru October. Can you please help me get these beauties thru just one season without having to attend a funeral. My house faces southwest and I would prefer to have my J. as an outside plant – if possible. I seem to do pretty well with most other species so I don’t believe I have a gan-green thumb. Help!!!

    HI Cathy
    The problem with plants such as jasmine is that they are tropical plants and need humidity to grow well. Try growing your jasmine in a semi-shade area (North-east), where it will get some afternoon protection from the sun. Also make sure it gets plenty of water during the hot summer. Add 2″ of mulch around the plant to conserve moisture and help keep the soil cooler.

    • marietta

      Vine on queen palm
      Hello
      I would love to plant confederate jasmine and allow it to climb up our two queen palms – I live in zone 9a Florida – .

      Does anybody know if this would hurt the palms – ie, eventually strangle it, etc?

      Any advice would be appreciated.
      Thanks,
      Marietta

      Hi Marietta
      Confederate jasmine is where you live but I don’t know how it would affect your palm trees.
      Hopefully, someone has some experience with this.

  • i have a jasmin in a plantpot,it has a big hard lump growing off the stem,could you please advise.

  • Anu

    I bought Jasmine 2 plants and they are growing fine with lot of new vine coming up. Intially there were lot of buds when I bought and they bloomed star like flowers. After that buds comes on new vine and they DO not Bloom. looks like they turn brown and fell down before blooming. They are in direct sun light for 4-5 hours. We’ve humidity also as I live in Miami, Fl.
    I saw some spider on plants. I used different type of fungicide spray(extract of neem oil) also but it doesn’t work. Please suggest best fertilizer n spray. Can we use Epson salt as fertilizer for these plants?

  • Jude Sharp

    A question about pink jasmine: I’m about to plant a long row of them along a fence. We’ve got a zillion gophers. Do gophers like jasmine? Should I plant in gopher baskets? Any other recommendations? Thanks.

  • Lovely

    Browning flowers
    I live in Miami two month back I plant Jasmine Plant in a pot.The Plant is growing my fine but why are the bud are turning brown as well as the Jasmine flowers fall as soon as they bloom.
    Thanks

    HI
    Browning flowers are an indicator that the plant is under some kind of stress. Are you misting the plant? Moisture on the flowers can lead to a fungal disease(blossom blight) that will cause them to turn brown. Direct sun, low humidity, too much or not enough water can also be a problem.

  • Jill

    I have (4) star jasmine plants growing along the back yard wooden fence. They are about 3 yrs. old and well established. Approximately 2-3 weeks ago, one of the plant’s leaves started to turn yellow, then orange, then drop off. The plant is now almost bare and new growth appears threatened. The other 3 jasmine plants are fine. Water, drainage, and sun exposure is the same for all plants. Can’t figure out what the problem could be with the one sick plant. Maybe fungus? Are there visual indicators of fungus that would distinguish it from some other ailment?

    Hi Jill
    Hard to say what is going on. Check the plant for insects.

  • Transplant shock
    I planted two pink jasmine plants around the end of febuary outside in rancho cucamonga Ca.
    back then they were real healthy and had dozens of flowers and blooms. About after a month of planting i had to transplant to a different location in the yard. And thats when things went down hill. One of the two plants lost all its flowers all the buds dried up and leaves started dyeing, the second of the two was okay. Then after several weeks the second one followed the same path.
    My first thought was they were over watered. So i dug them up and checked the roots which were still nice. and then planted them in pots with fast draining soil.
    Is there any thing i can do?

    I had a star jasmin that my puppy ate almost all of the whole plant. That has now flourished and is doing well. The star jasmin was planted when I transplanted the pink jasmine.
    thanks for reading

    Hi Daniel
    Transplanting your jasmine has put them into transplant shock. First thing a plant will do is shed its flowers. Give it some time to recover.

  • Bonnie

    Winterover jasmine
    Hi,
    I have been around pink jasmine for quite a few years and even had a vigorous grower while living in California. I now live in the pacific northwest and have bought a new jasmine. Since we only get about 3 and a half months of summer up here, what care would you recommend for the jasmine? And what is recommended during our long cold winter months? Any insight would be much appreciated. Thank You.

    Hi Bonnie
    Jasmine can be grown outdoors year round in zone 9 and up. I’m not sure what zone you are in.

    In colder climates, bring the plant indoors when night temperatures reach 40 F and grow it like a houseplant. Place it in bright filtered light and keep the soil slightly moist but not soggy. To provide increased humidity, place the plant on a pebble tray during the winter. Once the buds are set, place it in a sunny bright, cool location. J. polyanthum requires less water in the winter.

  • Sarah

    Pruning Winter damage
    Hello I am hoping you can help, i live in southern England and i bought 2 lovely jasmine plant’s towards the end of last summer they had small white flowers on them, i planted them in the garden and followed everything the i was told at the nursery but after the very cold weather and 1 male dog the plants are looking very dead although i have scratched near the roots and they are still green. Do you think i should prune the dead bits and can i transfer them to pots?

    Hi Sarah
    Yes. I would prune out all dead stems at this time. If you are not sure whether a stem is dead, wait to see if there is any new growth on the plant or coming from the roots before pruning.

  • Hayley

    Flowers turning brown
    Hi,
    I have just bought an indoor J. Polyanthum and have noticed that the flowers are turning brown. Am I not giving it enough water or too much water or is it something different? Also, should I repot it or leave it in the small pot it came in?
    Thanks

    Hi Hayley
    Browning flowers are an indicator that the plant is under some kind of stress. Are you misting the plant? Moisture on the flowers can lead to a fungal disease(blossom blight) that will cause them to turn brown. Direct sun, low humidity, too much or not enough water can also be a problem. My guess would be a watering problem.
    I would not repot at this time. If needed, wait until it is done flowering.

  • Laura

    Not blooming
    My pink jasmine from the market, potted, is trained on a trellis and covered with tight buds, and during the course of a week or two, not one has opened; instead, a few have shriveled and turned brown. I have watered it once, when it got dry. Now, a few days later, it is still slightly moist, and I will not water it again until it is pretty dry,if I have read your other posts correctly. I might also give it some 10-10-10 fertilizer, but will wait for your reply. I love this plant and would like to enjoy the fragrant flowers! Thanks-

    Hi Laura
    I’m assuming that the plant is indoors. One possibility is that the environment indoors is too dry. Jasmine like humidity especially when the flowers are trying to bloom. I would recommend that you use a pebble tray filled water to increase the moisture around the plant. Hopefully, that will help the flowers open up. .

  • sowmya

    Not blooming
    hey!! i bought a pink jasmine plant in feb and it had buds and blooms them and it was really nice. my plant was about 2-3 foot long in a 8 inch pot. then i repotted it to a 12inch pot. ever since it grew a feet and half n stopped n never bloomed again.i live in austin tx n it is placed in south facing balcony. pls suggest how can i make it bloom again.

    Hi Sowmya
    J. polyanthum is a seasonal bloomer that will set bud when exposed to temperatures below 60 F for 4-6 weeks. It blooms primarily in late winter into spring and then sporadically throughout the year. To encourage blooming, water regularly during the growing season and fertilize every 2-3 weeks with a high phosphorous fertilizer (15-30-15) .

  • zoe

    I just bought a beautiful jasmine polyanthum that was in full bloom 4 days ago. The nursery re-potted it for me. (1) I put it in a south facing window (NY) and half the flowers instantly turned brown and dried up. (2) I moved it back from the window where it received indirect sunlight for most of the day but I wasn’t sure that was the right move. The nursery said it needed full sun so, thinking it wasn’t getting enough, (3) I moved it to an even more direct light window that is quite warm and within hours the remaining flowers turned brown and died. More sun – less sun…I am thinking to move it back to the indirect spot (#2) but that seems to go against everyone’s recommendations. The new potting soil was quite moist so I haven’t needed to water it. If I find the right spot for it, will it bloom again?
    Thank you.

    Hi Zoe
    After transplanting it is best to gradually acclimate your jasmine to sunlight by slowly exposing it to more sun each day. Once it gets over the initial shock it should start to bloom again.

  • Marcia

    Not blooming
    I have a J. Polyanthum, the picture is beautiful, and I have yet to see it look like the picture.
    It grows very good and fast in the spring, but dies over winter,and comes back every spring, but
    never flowers. Its like I was sold something else?????

    Hi Marcia
    If it dies over the winter, then there go all the blooms. Your jasmine may not be hardy in your area and needs to come indoors.
    It needs at least 4 hours of bright direct sun and can be grown in full sun outdoors. Water regularly during the growing season and fertilize every 2-3 weeks with a high phosphorous fertilizer (15-30-15) to encourage blooming.
    J. polyanthum is a seasonal bloomer that will set bud when exposed to temperatures below 60 F for 4-6 weeks. It blooms primarily in late winter into spring and then sporadically throughout the year.

  • sandra

    Transplant shock
    I need some advice. i have a jasmin which is now dying on me. I recently repotted it and it was doing fine before this but now the leaves are brown and the stems are turning brown as well…the flowers are still there though and they are opening (pink to white). Was it stress? was it the soil? the location is the same. what should I do?

    Hi Sandra
    It may be transplant shock. If the plant was actively growing and in bloom, disturbing the roots would stress the plant. Give the plant some time to recuperate and keep it away from direct sun. You can also add a root stimulant when you water. It may encourage new root growth faster. Do not fertilize the plant at this time.

  • JChen

    We have a vining jasmine that was beautiful last year. Our temperatures have been in the upper 60s for a while now, but the plant is still completely brown. I pruned it back to about 1/3 last fall, and am wondering now if I shocked the poor thing to death. Roots look good, but nothing else. I tried a small amount of fertilizer about 3 weeks ago, but still nothing. What can I do??? :(

    Hi J
    Pruning it would not have killed the vine. Scratch the stem on the vine to see if there is any green underneath-this will tell you if its still alive. Perhaps it is waiting for the soil to warm up. Is the vine hardy (zone8-10) where you live?

  • Richard

    Cold damage
    I live in San Antonio, Texas. My jasmine has been through some freezing temperatures uncovered this winter and the leaves have begun to fall off. More freezing temperatures are expected. Will the plant recover?

    Hi Richard
    Your confederate jasmine should recover as long as the roots don’t get frost damage. Depending on the severity of cold damage, the vines may die back but should regrow from the roots. In less severe cases, the vine will drop its leaves but can send out new growth from the leaf nodes in spring. One thing you can do right now, is to add a few inches of mulch around the base of the plant to add some insulation to the roots. If possible, cover the vines with a blanket during this cold spell which will help minimize cold damage.

  • Kevin

    My wife bought some confederate jasmine in pots and we planted them along a trellis in full sun. They seemed okay until the weather got down into the 30′s (freezing) and it is now December and it’s leaves have turned reddish/brown and brittle. We live in Waco, Texas (100 miles south of Dallas). Is there a chance that the plants will recover? Thanks for any help.

    Hi Kevin
    The leaves will turn red in winter. By being exposed to freezing temperatures, your confederate jasmine may eventually drop all its leaves but the roots may survive. So don’t give up, the vines can resprout in spring. If not trim back any dead vines up to healthy growth.
    Add some mulch (2″) around the roots to keep them insulated during the coldest part of winter.

  • BT

    Hi, I’ve recently purchased a Star Jasmine from the market. it was blooming with wonderful white flowers.

    Yellow leaves
    The plant is in the original black plastic pot and I plan to re-pot it after the plant stop flowering. My balcony is south facing and it does not get much sun (only a few hours in the afternoon).

    The flowers started to die now and I’ve noticed a few yellow leaves (it was all green a few weeks ago).

    Can you tell me how to fix the yellow leaves, it is not enough water or is it too much? (I live in Sydney and it’s approaching summer).

    HI BT
    If the old leaves are turning yellow, then you vine may need a fertilizer(N). It’s been working so hard to give you flowers that it most likely needs more nutrients to keep going. Give it a balanced formula (10-10-10) follow label directions usually every 2 weeks. If the plant has been relocated in an area with less light, it will also shed some of its leaves. In the summer season, make sure your jasmine gets enough water and that it drains out from the bottom of the pot.

  • fran blaustein

    Leaf drop
    I need help with star jasmine espallier 5′X5′ leaves falling off…

    Hi Fran
    The plant is responding to some kind of stress. Are the leaves turning yellow, red? Do you have an insect infestation? Has it been exposed to cold weather, too much water or not enough?

    • fran blaustein

      The leaves are turning yellow and red…falling off more than ever now. I do see some new growth but now I see more trellis than leaves. I treated with OIL PHARM but this didn’t seem to help. The espallier was planted in a metal trough professionaly. Problem seems to be getting worse. I live in LA and we have had a cold winter.

      Hi FRan
      It could be a response to both, insects (scale) and the cold temperature.

  • Nancy Callison

    I live in Baja California and sometimes we have temperatures in the high 90′s would that be too hot for the Jasmine Polyanthum?

    Hi Nancy
    Jasmine polyanthum is hardy in zone 9-10. It should tolerate the warmer temperatures. It does need cool night temperaturesfor 4-6 weeks in winter (33-55F) in order to set buds to bloom.

  • Nick

    I planted a pink jasmine in the container, and it was doing well. However, since I tried to tie it on the trellis, the plant has become ill. The leaves have been withering. Also, there are no flower buds. Do you know what is wrong? I live in Sacramento, California.

    Vines that have been acclimated to grow in one direction don’t always take well to having their orientation changed. Leaves that may have been in shade are now in higher light exposure and are wilting. Another idea is that the vines may have been damaged when being tied to the trellis.

  • Hidi

    I just planted a Pink Jasmine about 2 feet from my property fence. I did not know it was such a vicious vine. How can I keep it controlled best? I would rather it be on a trellis or such as opposed to the fence I share with a neighbor. What kind of trellis would work the best to keep it from growing on my fence?

  • Jawaher

    Hi,
    I live in bahrain. I need to know more about watering my jasmine.
    My plant lives just out side my bathroom window where it gets sunlight but not all day.
    ive heard that i need to water it once every 2 weeks?? is that right??

    Hi
    I cannot give you a specific timing for watering. If the temperatures are hot and there’s no rain then you may have to water every day. It also depends on the type of soil, clay soil will hold moisture longer whereas sandy soil will dry out much faster. Stick your finger into the soil and see how dry it is. If the top 2 inches are dry, water it well and then wait a few days to recheck the soil. Your plant will also tell you if it needs water.

  • ST

    I live in southern NM, and have a star jasmine that bloomed beautifully and was covered with leaves during the summer. Over the winter I moved the pot indoors near a west-facing window. It was then about four foot high and healthy. During the cold winter months, most leaves became dry and brittle and fell off, while some remained green. The main stems seem to be alive, while smaller ones are dead. What went wrong and will it recover for the spring?

    HI Stacy
    Jasmine like other tropical plants such as mandevilla, hate to the dry indoor air. Low light, low humidity and cooler temperatures will make it sulk and drop its leaves. Cut the plant back in spring up to 1/3 and as long as the main stems are viable (green) it should recover.

  • Dawn

    I live in Omaha, Ne and have had my confederate jasmine for 2 years potted. This winter it is looking really bad. I have it in my living room under a lamp. Its leaves are falling off, leaking some sort of sap and looks like brown warts on the stems. Please help, I love this plant!

    Hi Dawn
    Look at the stems (vine) and leaves, see if there are any small raised spots or bumps on the surface. If so you have scale.

  • Dolly Everitt

    Hello, love your site. I have Jasmine vines growing where I work and wanted to cut a piece to root in water. Can this be done?

    Hi Dolly
    The best recommended way to propagate jasmine is with semi-hardwood cuttings taken in mid-July to early fall. Semi-hardwood is the partially mature wood from this years’s growth that’s starting to harden. In early morning hours, cut a 6 inch piece or one with 3-4 nodes and strip the leaves off the bottom node ( that’s where it will root). Dip the end in rooting hormone and place in moist soil mix of peat/perlite. Place the pot in a plastic bag to maintain high humidity. Keep the cutting out of direct sun. Rooting should occur 2-4 weeks.

  • Kathy G.

    Insect problems
    I purchased a Sambac Jasmine about 6 months ago. It’s leggy but was blooming nicely (although the flowers bloomed near evening and feel off by morning). It hasn’t bloomed in months. The leaves are shiny and sticky and I discovered brown bumps on the stems. When I scrape them off they are sticky inside. Yesterday I discovered little white worms in the dirt. I live in NJ. The plant was outside for a part of the summer. It’s now inside, gets watered occasionally but is not “wet” and it’s in a western window which gets lots of sun during most of the daytime hours. help ! I really want to save this plant !

    Sounds like you have scale .(bumps) and the white worms can be the larval form of fungus gnats

  • K. GAJARIA

    PLEASE ADVISE HOW TO ROOT PINK JASMINE?

    Best time to root is in summer or early fall. Use semi-hardwood cuttings 4-6 inches long, strip off the bottom leaves, dip the bottom 1/3 stem in rooting hormone and pot in a soil mix of peat/sand and perlite. Place pot in a plastic bag to create a greenhouse-opening periodicaly. If humid and warm weather you won’t need to keep in plastic bag. Place the cuttings in a shaded spot such as a porch or screened room. If you have extra cuttings, -some have had success rooting in water. Softwood tip cutting should be rooted in early summer. When the cuttings are rooted, let them grow until they have a good root system one season before transplanting in garden soil.

  • Marcy

    I live in Santa Fe New Mexico. I purchased my jasmine plants a few months ago, and have them indoors facing my south windows. They are already blooming with white star-like flowers. Is it to early for them to be blooming? Also, how long do they bloom for? What kind of fertilizer do I use now that their in bloom? do I change the fertilizer in the the fall?

    I’m not sure what kind of Jasmine you have, but there is Jasminum polyanthum which does bloom in the winter as well as J.rex which blooms in fall/winter. Both are seasonal bloomers that respond to short day length and cold temperatures. At any rate, enjoy the flowers and fragrance. Polyanthum has a heavy , overpowering fragrance and a vigorous grower that can bloom for a month or more. You can fertilize contiually with a 10-10-10 or balanced fertilizer at 1/4 tsp per 1 gal of water. Be sure to periodically stop fertilizing and run clear water to prevent soluble salt buildup. Another alternative is to use slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote, etc) follow the manufacturers directions for the size pot.

  • Stella

    No bloom
    I bought a pink jasmine plant in March of 2006. It had beautiful fragrant flowers. I still have it and it is beautiful except it has not given me any flowers since March of last year. What do I need to do so it may bloom agian?
    Stella

    I believe you have a Jasmine polyanthum which is a winter bloomer that needs 4-6 wks of cool nighttime temperatures (40-50 degrees) from September to bud set. During this winter period water less only when the soil dries out. Sometimes lack of flowers is simply due to overfertilizing-too much nitrogen causing excessive leaves and no flowers or not enough light.

  • Abe

    Fertilizer
    What brand of fertilizer would you recommend for pink jasmine? I found that the information on soil for pink jasmine was helpful, thats why I will be checking it. But if the soil is where it should be then I will be looking at the possiblity of iron chlorosis. Any help with what i should use will be appeciated.

    Fertilize Pink jasmine (J. polyanthum) during the growing season with a high phosphorous fertilizer (15-30-15) this will encourage blooming. Feed it every 2-3 weeks. If the plant is showing signs of iron chlorosis add chelated iron to the fertilizer. Check out Miracle Grow

  • Steve P

    Make it bloom again
    I bought a small jasmine plant from the grocery store 2 years ago. It had small white fragrant flowers all over it. I have kept the plant, re-potted, and it is now a 4 ft. high viny trellis. I would love for it to be covered in those most wonderful smelling flowers. However, the last 2 spring seasons have brought only more vines. How can I make it bloom again?

    Some of the factors that can affect blooming are not enough sun-move it to more sun exposure, the type of fertilizer-if you give it too much Nitrogen(the first #) then you can get more green growth at the expense of flowers. Try a bloom-booster fertilizer. Some jasmines are seasonal bloomers and flower at certain times of the year.

  • Leslie P

    Prune jasmine
    first off thank you for you’re help with my jasmine polyanthum. It Is untangling very nicely. now since some of these vines are close to 6ft long how short do I prune them back? and Is It possible to root the cuttings and how Is this done. I haved moved It to a cooler location for part of the day and the other half It gets some sun. will a humidifier help out with xtra moister If I forget to mist? I have never seen such a happy camper. thank you again.

    I had to confer with Tom from Jamaican Gradens, (Ill) regarding how much you can trim off. The recommendation is 1/3 of the total length or 2-3 feet. Cut back no further than the semi-hardened stem with leaf joints. If you cut back to hardened wood, it will not resprout new growth. It is best prune after flowering and in late winter/early spring as the plant will be better prepared to recover from severe pruning. The cuttings can be rooted- use semi-ripe cuttings in summer. Clippings can be rooted in the springtime in a warm misting house with high humidity and fresh circulated air. As it is a tropical plant, it will love the added humidity indoors in the winter.

  • Leslie P

    2005-12-12
    hi, reading through the comment section you had said that jasmine are acid lovers. I have my jasmine in regular miracle grow potting soil and have used the fertilizer sticks. there is no acid in my soil but the plant is growing like crazy. do I have a different jasmine plant other than the star or confederate. again I have a jasminum polyanthum.

    They like a slightly acid soil and your initial soil mix may have just the right ph for your plant(ph 5.8-6.0). It will tell you when it needs more acidic soil- the leaves will show symptoms of iron chlorosis (light colored leaves).

  • Leslie P

    Prune
    I bought a jasminum polyanthum over the summer and nursed It back to health. It now covers a 4 ft trellis in a flower pot. I have not misted or put on a pebble tray. It just keeps growing. Is It to late to put Into a hanging basket? how do I go about pruning back? It Is not In a cool location at all. gets sun all day when the sun Is out. when can I expect flowers as when I purchased It It was allmost dead and was at the time in bloom. this Is the first jasmine plant I have had and need some healpful tips on keeping It healthy. thank you

    Leslie, if you can get your jasime untangled you could put it in a basket but I’m sure it will require some pruning which should be done after flowering. The vigorous grower can also be pruned during the growing season to control the shape and size. I would wait till early spring to do this. Jasminium polyanthum is a winter bloomer that needs 4-6 weeks of cool nighttime(no lower than 40 degrees) temperatures in order to set buds. Congratulations on your success with the plant.

  • BRidget B

    Hi. I was wondering if the jasmine plants can be put in hanging baskets. I haven’t found a site any where that mentions this. I’m afraid the will not get enough sun light hanging. Also, not sure how much or how often to water these plants. Located in S. Illinois. Thanks!

    Yes, the vining type of jasmines such as J. polyanthum can be grown in hanging baskets. There is no magic formula just water when the container feels light and top inch of soil is dry. Pay special attention to watering when the weather is hot and dry.

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